materi hijrah sub inggris

The "Hijra" (Arabic: ﺓَﺮْﺠِﻫ hijrah), also Hijrat or Hegira, is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina between June 21 and July 2 in 622 CE.[3] Hijra of Muhammad In June 622 CE, warned of a plot
to assassinate him, Muhammad
secretly escaped out of Mecca with Abu Bakr.[4] Muhammad and his followers immigrated to the city
of Yathrib, 320 kilometres (200 mi)
north of Mecca, in several steps.
Yathrib was soon renamed Madinat
un-Nabi, literally "the City of the
Prophet", but un-Nabi was soon dropped, so its name in English is Medina, meaning "the city".[5] The Muslim year during which the Hijra
occurred was designated the first
year of the Islamic calendar by Umar in 638 or 17 AH (anno hegirae = "in the year of the hijra").[5] In the following chronology[5] the city will be referred to as Medina,
and the region surrounding it as
Yathrib. Day Date Notes Day 1
Thursday 26
Safar
AH 1
(13
June
622) Left home in
Mecca. Hid three
days in the Cave of Saur south of Mecca. Day 9
Monday 1 Rabi'
I AH 1
(17
June
622) Left the
environs of
Mecca. Traveled
north to the
region of
Yathrib. Day 16
Monday 12
Rabi' I
AH 1
(27
June
622) Arrived at Quba' near Medina. Day 20
Friday 16
Rabi' I
AH 1
(1st
July
622) First visit to
Medina for
Friday prayers. Day 30
Monday 26
Rabi' I
AH 1
(11
July
622) Moved from
Quba' to Medina. NB, Al-Biruni alone is in
disagreement with Alvi, Ibn Sa'd,
Abu Ja'far and Ibn Hisham on the above dates.[6][7] The hypothetical dates in the retro-
calculated Islamic calendar
extended back in time will differ
from the actual dates as they
would have been be on the modern
international Gregorian calendar. The Hijra is celebrated annually on
1 Muharram, the first day of the
Muslim year, causing many writers
to confuse the first day of the
year of the Hijra with the Hijra
itself, erroneously stating that the Hijra occurred on 1 Muharram AH 1[5] (i.e. 18th April 622) or even the hypothetical Gregorian
date from retro-calculating on the
Hijri calendar 16 July 622 even
though it actually occurred on 12
Rabi' I (i.e. 27th June 622). Thus it is important to remember
that whenever the tabular Islamic calendar invented by Muslim astronomers is extended back in
time it changes all these dates by
about 88 days or three lunar
months as the first day of the
year during which the Hijra
occurred, 1 Murhamman AH 1, would be mistaken from Monday 19 April
622 to Friday 16 July 622. The
Muslim dates of the Hijra are
those recorded in an original
lunisolar Arabic calendar that were
never converted into the purely lunar calendar to account for the
three intercalary months inserted during the next nine years until
intercalary months were prohibited
during the year of Muhammad's
last Hajj (AH 10). First Hijra Main article: Migration to Ethiopia The Hijra and other earlier Muslim migrations. Technically, the first Hijra occurred
in 615 when a group of Muslims
was counseled by Muhammad to
escape persecution in Mecca and
travel to Ethiopia] (Abyssinia at
the time), which was ruled by a Christian king, the Negus. Muhammad himself did not join this
emigration. In that year, his
followers fled Mecca's leading tribe,
the Quraysh, who sent emissaries to Ethiopia to bring them back to
Arabia. The nascent movement
faced growing opposition and
persecution. When Muhammad and
his followers received an invitation
from the people of Yathrib, they decided to leave Mecca. Muslim account of Muhammad's
Hijra Context In Mecca, at the pilgrimage season of 620, Islamic Prophet Muhammad met six men of Khazraj tribe from Medina, propounded to them the doctrines of Islam, and recited portions of Quran.[8][9] Impressed by this, the six embraced Islam, [10] and at the Pilgrimage of 621, five of them brought seven others
with them. These twelve informed
Muhammad of the beginning of
gradual development of Islam in Medina, and took a formal pledge of allegiance at Muhammad’s hand,
promising to accept him as a
prophet, to worship none but one God, and to renounce certain sins like theft, adultery, murder and
the like. This is known as the "First Pledge of al-Aqaba".[11][12] [13] At their request, Muhammad sent with them Mus`ab ibn `Umair to teach them the instructions of Islam. Biographers have recorded the considerable success of Mus`ab ibn `Umair in preaching the message of Islam and bringing people under the umbrella of Islam in Medina. The next year, at the pilgrimage of
622, a delegation of around 75
converted Muslims of Aws and Khazraj tribes from Medina came, and they not only restated the
formal promises, but also assured
Muhammad of their full support and
protection if the latter would
migrate to their land. They invited
him to come to Medina as an arbitrator to reconcile among the hostile tribes.[14] This is known as the "Second Pledge of al-`Aqaba", [15][16] and was a 'politico- religious' success that paved the
way for his and his followers’ emigration to Medina.[17] Following the pledges, Muhammad encouraged
his followers to migrate to Medina, and in a span of two months,
nearly all the Muslims of Mecca migrated to Medina. During the early seventh century, Medina was inhabited by two types of population: the Jews and the pagan Arabs. The Jews there had three principal clans – Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nazir, and Banu Qurayza. The Arab pagans had two tribes – Aws and Khazraj. At that time, the Jews there had the
upper hand with their large settlement and huge property.[10] Before the encounter between
Muhammad and the six men from Medina in 620, there ensued a terrible battle between Aws and Khazraj, known as the Battle of Bu'ath, in which many leading personalities of both the sides died
and left Yathrib in a disordered state.[18] Traditional rules for maintaining law and order became
dysfunctional, and, without a
neutral man with considerable
authority over things, stability seemed unlikely.[19] As the pagan Arabs of Medina lived in close proximity of the Jews, they had
gained some knowledge about Scripture, and had heard the Jews awaiting the arrival of a future
prophet. It is because of this
knowledge, taken together with
their need for an adjudicator, that
the six men who met Muhammad at
the pilgrimage season of 620 readily accepted his message, lest
the Jews should steal a march over them.[10][15] The Migration Upon receiving divine direction to
depart from Mecca, Muhammad began taking preparation and
informed Abu Bakr of his plan. On the night of his departure,
Muhammad’s house was besieged
by the appointed men of Quraysh in
order to do away with him next
morning. Muhammad had certain
deposits of Quraysh who used to do so because of Muhammad’s honesty. Muhammad handed them over in the charge of Ali and directed him to return the
deposits to their owners, and
asked him to lie down on his bed
assuring him of God’s protection. It is said that when Muhammad
emerged from his house, he recited
the ninth verse of sura Ya-Seen of the Quran and threw a handful of dust at the direction of the
besiegers, with result that the
besiegers were rendered unable to see him.[20] Soon Muhammad joined Abu Bakr, left the city, and the two took shelter in a cave
outside the city. Next morning, the
besiegers were frustrated to find Ali in Muhammad’s place. Fooled and thwarted by Muhammad’s plan,
they rummaged the city in search for him,[21] and some of them eventually reached the threshold
of the cave, but success eluded
them. When the Quraysh came to know of Muhammad’s escape, they
announced heavy reward for
bringing Muhammad back to them,
alive or dead. Unable to resist this
temptation, pursuers scattered in
all directions. After staying for three days, Muhammad and Abu Bakr resumed their journey and were pursued by Suraqa bin Malik. But each time he neared
Muhammad’s party, his horse
stumbled and he finally abandoned
his design of capturing Muhammad. [10] After eight days’ journey, Muhammad entered the outskirts of Medina around June 622 CE,[22] but did not enter the city directly.
He stopped at a place called Quba, a place some miles from the main
city, and established a mosque there. After fourteen days’ stay
at Quba, Muhammad along with Abu Bakr started for Medina, participated in his first Friday
prayer on the way, and upon
reaching the city, was greeted
cordially by its people.